Document 1: Colonial Censuses | Open History Seminar: Canadian History

Local Economies and Global Trade

Document 1: Colonial Censuses

**Source: Censuses of Canada, 1665-1871, vol. IV (Ottawa: I.B. Taylor, 1876)**

Below are three tables of the populations around Hants County, Nova Scotia; Montreal, Quebec; and London, Ontario. Look carefully at these figures. What do they tell us about colonial societies in the mid-nineteenth century? Visit the published version of these censuses, how might you critique the way that we compiled this data?

Hants County

Year	Population	Land Occupied	Animals	Industries
1827	8,627	37,531	32,751	N/A
1838	11,421	N/A	N/A	N/A
1851	14,330	65,454	36,852	91
1861	17,460	64,818	39,137	109

Montreal

Year	Population	Land Occupied	Animals	Industries
1827	268,581	1,661,692	922,870	889
1844	84,697	92,161	43,743	200
1851	77,381	123,839	40,466	91
1861	90,323	N/A	7,787	146

London (Middlesex, Oxford and Norfolk)

Year	Population	Land Occupied	Animals	Industries
1826	18,077	450,995	16,660	85
1836	47,305	973,920	36,602	186
1851	94,367	1,011,266	292,852	346
1861	135,107	1,198,552	374,536	365

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- How to use this book
Thinking through Canada's Early History
- Introduction
- Interpretation 1: Peace, "Colonialism and the Words We Choose"
- Interpretation 2: Luby et al., "(Re)naming and (De)colonizing the (I?)ndigenous People(s) of North America - Part I"
- Interpretation 3: Luby et al., "(Re)naming and (De)colonizing the (I?)ndigenous People(s) of North America - Part II"
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Thinking Through Canada's Early History
Assessing the Bering Land Bridge
- Introduction
- Document 1: Jose de Acosta, The Naturall and Morall Historie of the East and West Indies
- Interpretation 1: MacEachern, “A Theory, in Practice: Back to the Bering Land Bridge”
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Assessing the Bering Land Bridge
Ceremonies of Possession
- Introduction
- Document 1: Champlain, The Voyages of Samuel de Champlain
- Document 2: Winthrop, The History of New England
- Interpretation 1: Reid, "The Doctrine of Discovery and Canadian Law"
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Ceremonies of Possession
Settling a New France
- Introduction
- Document 1: The Loudunais and Mirebalais, c. 1635
- Document 2: Map of French Settlement around Quebec, 1709
- Document 3: A General Plan of Annapolis Royal, 1753
- Document 4: Kalm, Travels into North America
- Interpretation 1: Kennedy, Marshland Colonization in Acadia and Poitou during the 17th Century
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Settling a New France
Colonialism and Christianity
- Introduction
- Document 1: Of Various Obstacles and Difficulties Encountered
- Document 2: Marie de l'Incarnation: Letter 32: To one of the Good Brothers
- Interpretation 1: Word Cloud Analysis of the Jesuit Relations
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Colonialism and Christianity
Treaties in Historical Context
- Introduction
- Document 1: Dish with One Spoon Treaty (c. 1500 – present)
- Document 2: Two Row Wampum (c. 1613 – present)
- Document 3: Great Peace of Montreal (1701)
- Document 4: Peace and Friendship Treaty Ratification (1728)
- Document 5: Murray Treaty (1760)
- Document 6: The Royal Proclamation of 1763
- Document 7: Treaty of Niagara (1764)
- Document 8: London Township Treaty (1796)
- Document 9: Selkirk Treaty (1817)
- Document 10: Numbered Treaty One (1871)
- Interpretation 1: Jaime Battiste on Mi’kmaw Treaties
- Interpretation 2: Murray Sinclair on the Royal Proclamation of 1763
- Interpretation 3: Hayden King on Anishinaabe Treaties
- Discussion
- Review: Treaties in Historical Context
Were the Black Loyalists Loyal?
- Introduction
- Interpretation 1: Cahill, "The Black Loyalist Myth in Atlantic Canada"
- Interpretation 2: Walker, "Myth, History and Revisionism"
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Were the Black Loyalists Loyal?
Perspectives on the Fur Trade
- Introduction
- Document 1: Country Marriages
- Document 2: Jean-Baptiste Point du Sable
- Document 3: Diary of Nicholas Garry
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Perspectives on the Fur Trade
Local Economies and Global Trade
- Introduction
- Document 1: Colonial Censuses
- Interpretation 1: Maitland's Moment
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Local Economies and Global Trade
Pathways to British North America
- Introduction
- Document 1: The Life of Josiah Henson
- Document 2: Roughing it in the Bush
- Document 3: The Life and Adventures of Wilson Benson
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Pathways to British North America
Rebellion or Revolution?
- Introduction
- Document 1: 92 Resolutions
- Document 2: 10 Resolutions
- Interpretation 1: Henderson: "Banishment to Bermuda: Gender, Race, Empire, Independence..."
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Rebellion or Revolution?
First Peoples and Schooling
- Introduction
- Interpretation 1: Peace, "Borderlands, Primary Sources, and the Longue Durée"
- Document 1: Report to the New England Company
- Document 2: History of the New England Company... during the two years, 1869-1870
- Discussion Questions
- Review: First Peoples and Schooling
Considering Gum Shan
- Introduction
- Document 1: Douglas to the Duke of Newcastle
- Document 2: Hazlitt, The Great Gold Fields of Cariboo
- Interpretation 1: Chung, Kwong Lee & Company and the Early Trans-Pacific Trade
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Considering Gum Shan
Debating Confederation
- Introduction
- Document 1: Confederation Debates
- Interpretation 1: Sean Kheraj
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Debating Confederation
The Trial of Louis Riel
- Introduction
- Document 1: The Prisoner's Address
- Discussion Questions
- Review: The Trial of Louis Riel
Working in the Nineteenth Century
- Introduction
- Document 1: Report of the Royal Commission on the Relations of Capital and Labor
- Interpretation 1: Word Cloud
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Working in the Nineteenth Century
Drugs, Race, and Moral Panic
- Introduction
- Document 1: Emily Murphy, The Black Candle
- Interpretation 1: Yvan Prkachin
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Drugs, Race, and Moral Panic
Imagining the Great War Soldier
- Introduction
- Document 1: War Posters, 1914-1918
- Interpretation 1: Tim Cook
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Imagining the Great War Soldier
Re-Constructing a New Canada
- Introduction
- Document 1: The Farmers' Platform, 1918
- Document 2: J.S. Woodsworth, 1919
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Re-Constructing a New Canada
Relief Camps
- Introduction
- Document 1: Report of the Commission on Relief Camps, 1935
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Relief Camps
Wartime Propaganda
- Introduction
- Document 1: Proudest Girl in the World
- Document 2: Empty Rooms Mean Idle Machines
- Document 3: Front of Steel
- Document 4: Women Are Warriors
- Document 5: Labour Front
- Document 6: Keep Your Mouth Shut
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Wartime Propaganda
Medicare
- Introduction
- Document 1: Betsy Bury, Working for Medicare
- Document 2: John Bury, A Physician on the Front Line of Medicare
- Document 3: Roy Romanow, My Experience in the Medicare Battle and the Woods Commission
- Interpretation 1: P.E. Bryden, The Liberal Party and the Achievement of National Medicare
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Medicare
Canadian Culture
- Introduction
- Document 1: Report of the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, 1949-1951
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Canadian Culture
Quebec Nationalism in the 1960s
- Introduction
- Document 1: René Lévesque, 1960
- Document 2: Pierre Trudeau, 1964
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Quebec Nationalism in the 1960s
Residential Schools
- Introduction
- Document 1: Bryce, Report on the Indian Residential Schools (1907)
- Document 2: Bryce, The Story of a National Crime (1921)
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Residential Schools
White Paper | Red Paper: Debating Indian Policy, 1969-1970
- Introduction
- Document 1: White Paper, 1969
- Document 2: Red Paper, 1970
- Interpretation 1: Leon Crane Bear
- Discussion Questions
- Review: White Paper | Red Paper Debating Indian Policy, 1969-70
Environmental Racism
- Introduction
- Interpretation 1: Interview with Ingrid Waldron
- Interpretation 2: Remember Africville
- Discussion Questions
- Review: Environmental Racism
- About the Authors